group Stratification In United States

United Health Care - group Stratification In United States

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Social stratification:

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When we speak of group stratification we mean inequality between various groups of people. Inequality exists in all sorts of societies and cultures. Societies are consisted of layers that are hierarchical.

The four basic stratification systems are:

1) slavery

2) caste

3) estate

4) class.

Stratification systems of slavery, caste and estate have been demolished in contemporary societies except some tribal societies.

The group class theory is generally a article of how scarce resources (wealth, income, study and occupation) are distributed in society. In other words Class could be explained as an indication of the positions a someone may occupy within society, positions which are not equal.Thus, in order to analysis group classes in a society, it is principal to elucidate that how these resources are distributed and make group classes.

In spite of the fact that some scholars argue that in developed countries, inequality has reduced rather than previous societies but, group stratification, inequality and class conflict have expanding rate today. In the United States Inequality between rich and poor has increased to the extent that the gap among them is larger than any point in the past 75 years. United States has the largest wealth disparity of any developed nation in the world and this disparity is growing larger every year.

In the United States, wage is obviously one foremost scarce resource. Clearly, it is vocation that provides income, and it is study that determines the sort of occupation. At the more extent level, wage is related to life consequences, such as the ability and quantity of education, health care, and housing one obtains, and even the how long one lives. So, there is interrelationship between accesses to each of these sources.

in the United States private wage depends on educational characteristics; in 2005 most people with doctorate and professional degrees were in top 15% of wage earners. Those with Bachelor degrees had incomes considerably above the national median and people with college degree had less income.

The noticeable point is that, while the people of the United States is becoming increasingly educated on all levels, the conspicuous link between wage and educational attainment remains.
Another point is that tertiary study is rarely free; study in elite inexpressive colleges for a four year program costs 0,000 approximately. While group colleges and universities costs much less but they are not free. Scholarships and low interest loans by government and universities are ready too, but still the cost of study is high for many people.

Overall, educational attainment serves as one of the most principal class feature of most Americans, which is directly related to wage and occupation.

On one hand occupational status is consequence of educational attainment, personal or house wage and on the other hand it defines entrance to other resources along with wage and health.
Low-wage jobs are related with those people who have less education. Workers in these areas are unskilled because it does not want study in order to achieve these jobs. But, White collar jobs want more human capital, skill and knowledge and therefore furnish higher earnings. With higher study it is more likely for one to occupy a professional-level job wherein he or she may earn a higher salary. Therefore, those with less study are more likely to be working in Low-wage jobs.

Each single job influences on lifestyle; wage and reputation that gained from a job decree living environment, the kind of foods, healing care, sort of group networks, entertainment, spare times, and behavior.

It is study that makes upper-middle, middle and lower-middle scores on occupational spectrum; unskilled employees, employees with less than seven years of schooling, high school graduated ones, college graduate, licentiate, Ms holders, professionals and experts with Doctorate degree settled on dissimilar scores of occupational spectrum. So while all functions and positions in community do not decree with occupation, the job role is one of the most foremost status features in the United States.

Another feature that determines individuals' position in the community is wealth. Wealth is what people own in assets such as houses, cars, stocks, shares, saved money, and lands.

While United States is the second rich county in the world, the distribution of wealth is too unfair. The top 1% of all people owned 38% of the wealth, 10% of people had 71% of wealth and on the other hand the lowest 40% owned less than 1% of the nation's wealth.

Totally, the distribution of wealth is much more unequal than the distribution of wage (what people receive in the course of a year by working).

According to these basic elements (income, wealth, vocation and education) which decree the group class of individuals and households, Americans believe in three- class model that includes the rich, the middle class and the poor, while, in reality American community is more diverse, economically and sociologically. It means that there is no clear class disagreement between socio-economic strata.

Social mobility:

The most foremost opinion in a class theory of stratification is group mobility. In class system, group stratification based on both birth and private achievement; personal merit becomes more important. In fact, industrial societies move towards meritocracy and in this kind of societies status consistency is lower than in other sorts of societies. Since societies became more competing and more meritocratic some elements such as energy, group skills, character, ambition, corporeal attractiveness, talent, and luck played great role in group mobility and changing group position.

Now the request is that "How much mobility Americans have experienced while their life?"
Social mobility refers to changes in group position which occur while a person's lifetime. There are two ways to study group mobility; Intragenerational Mobility and Intergenerational mobility.
By the first concept, we mean upward and downward movement in group ladder and by second one we refer to upward and downward movement in group hierarchy compared with the previous generation.

In order to explaining occupational mobility, mostly, scholars focus on father-child or household head-child occupational persistence (Intergenerational mobility).

If we marvelous six normal occupational categories along with upper professional or manager, lower professional or clerical, self-employed, technical or skilled trade, farm, unskilled and assistance workers, in united states, among men whom born after 1950, 32 percent of men were immobile (their vocation was in the same class as their father's), 37 percent were upwardly mobile, and 32 percent were downwardly mobile. About women, data show that 27 percent were immobile, 46 percent were upwardly mobile, and 28 percent were downwardly mobile. Then, in vocation upward mobility was more base than downward mobility and Comparisons with other developed countries occupational mobility in the United States is reasonably high.

According to studies, intergenerational elasticity (Ige) in wage between fathers and sons was estimated 0.4 or higher. Totally, actual connection between parents' and children's incomes is high.

Wealth mobility is totally dissimilar from occupational and wage mobility; at first, wealth is foremost because its distribution is more unequal than the distribution of wage and on the other hand it effects on other aspects of house well-being, especially homeownership and venture in children's education. Also, there is stupendous intergenerational persistence in house wealth and the correlation is in the neighborhood of 0.50. The disparity in wealth persists between the generations. Thus, people who have no wealth loose opportunities. As an example, inherited wealth can put families in good neighborhoods and school districts than they could afford if they had to rely just on their incomes.

Social class in the United States is affected by private achievement, as I said, Occupation, educational attainment and wage can be earned and increased through a lifetime, but still it is undeniable that the rich have more money, more education, good occupation, good health, and consume more.

As a windup we should say that without the opinion of group stratification, it is impossible to understand people's behavior, because group class determines all aspects of our life...., our happiness, our religious beliefs, our customs, our interests and hobbies our health and even how long we will live and totally our life style.

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